Indima kunye nokusebenza kwe-urea yezolimo kulawula umthamo weentyatyambo, ukunciphisa iintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo, ukuveliswa kwembewu yerayisi, kunye nokuthintela izinambuzane. Iintyatyambo zemithi yeepesika kunye nezinye izityalo zi-ethe-ethe kwi-urea, kwaye ifuthe lokuncipha kweentyatyambo kunye neziqhamo kunokufezekiswa emva kokuba kufakwe i-urea. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-urea kunganyusa umxholo wenitrogen kumagqabi ezityalo, kukhawulezise ukukhula kwamahlumela amatsha, kuthintele ukwahlulwa kweentyatyambo, kunye nokulawula inani lamahlumela eentyatyambo. I-Urea sisichumiso esingathathi hlangothi, inokusetyenziswa njengesichumisi xa ujongene nomhlaba kunye nezityalo ezahlukeneyo.

Eyona misebenzi iphambili yesichumiso se-nitrogen yile: yandisa iyonke i-biomass du kunye nemveliso yezoqoqosho; phucula ixabiso lesondlo kwiimveliso zezolimo, ngakumbi ukonyusa umxholo weprotein yedao kwimbewu kunye nokwandisa ixabiso lesondlo lokutya. Initrogen lelona candelo liprotein kwizityalo. Ngaphandle kwe-nitrogen, umba omhlophe we-nitrogen awunakwenziwa, kwaye ngaphandle kweprotheni, akunakubakho zinto ezahlukeneyo zobomi.

Uyisebenzisa kanjani i-urea:

1. Ukuchumisa okulinganiselweyo

I-Urea sisichumiso esicocekileyo se-nitrogen kwaye ayiqulathanga i-phosphorus kunye ne-potassium kwizinto ezinkulu eziyimfuneko ekukhuleni kwesityalo. Ke ngoko, xa usenza isinxibo esingaphezulu, kuya kufuneka usebenzise itekhnoloji yokufaka isichumiso kwifomula ngesiseko sovavanyo lomhlaba kunye nohlalutyo lweekhemikhali ukulinganisela i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, kunye nezichumisi ze potassium. Okokuqala, dibanisa zonke izichumisi ze-phosphorus kunye ne-potassium kunye nezinye (malunga ne-30%) yesichumiso se-nitrogen esifunekayo kulo lonke ixesha lokukhula kwezityalo kunye nokulungiswa komhlaba kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezantsi.

Emva koko beka malunga neepesenti ezingama-70 zesichumiso se-nitrogen esishiyekileyo njengokunxiba ngaphezulu, phakathi kwaso malunga neepesenti ezingama-60 zexesha elibalulekileyo lesityalo kunye nelona xesha liphezulu lokusebenza sisinxibo, kwaye malunga ne-10% yesibini. Kuphela kuxa izichumisi ezintathu ze-nitrogen, i-phosphorus kunye ne-potassium zidityaniswe kakuhle zaza zasetyenziswa ngokwenzululwazi, apho linokusetyenziswa izinga lokuphuculwa kwe-urea.

2. Ukunxiba impahla ngexesha elifanelekileyo

Olunye uchumiso olungenangqondo luhlala lubonwa kwimveliso yezolimo: minyaka le xa ingqolowa ibuyela eluhlaza emva kokuqala kwentwasahlobo, abalimi basebenzisa ithuba lokugalela amanzi aluhlaza ukutshiza okanye ukuhlamba i-urea ebaleni lengqolowa; Ngexesha lesithombo sengqolowa, amafama afafaza i-urea ngaphambi kwemvula endle; Ngexesha lembewu yeklabishi, urea kufuneka igalelwe ngamanzi; Ngexesha lembewu yeetumato, i-urea kufuneka igalelwe ngamanzi.

Ukufaka i-urea ngale ndlela, nangona isichumiso sisetyenziswa, inkunkuma inzima (i-ammonia ivuselela kwaye amasuntswana e-urea alahlekile ngamanzi), kwaye oko kuya kubangela ukukhula okunezondlo kakhulu, ukulala kade kwengqolowa nombona, i-tomato "ukuvuthela" , kunye nokulibaziseka kweklabishi yokugcwalisa Kwaye ezinye izinto ezimbi zenzeka. Isityalo ngasinye sinexesha elithile elibalulekileyo lokufunxa i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, ne-potassium (oko kukuthi, ixesha apho isivuno sinobuzaza ekufunxweni kwezinto ezithile).

Ukunqongophala kwesichumiso (i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-potassium) ngeli xesha liza kunciphisa isivuno kunye nomgangatho wazo, onefuthe elikhulu. Nokuba isichumiso esaneleyo sifakwa kamva, iimpembelelo kwimveliso yesivuno kunye nomgangatho akunakubuyiselwa umva. Ukongeza, kukho ixesha lokusebenza ngokukuko, okt ngeli xesha, ukuchumisa izityalo kungafumana izivuno eziphezulu, kwaye izityalo zinamandla aphezulu okusetyenziswa kwesichumiso.

Ukusuka kuhlalutyo olungentla, kunokubonwa ukuba kuphela kukunxiba okuphezulu ngexesha elibalulekileyo kunye nexesha elifanelekileyo lokusebenza kwezityalo okunokuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwezichumisi kwaye kuphumelele isivuno esiphezulu kunye nomgangatho wezityalo.

3. Ukunxiba okwexeshana kwangexesha

I-Urea sisichumisi se-amide, ekufuneka siguqulwe sibe yi-ammonium carbonate ukuze ibhengezwe zii-colloids zomhlaba emva koko zifunxwe zizityalo. Le nkqubo ithatha iintsuku ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-7. Ngexesha lale nkqubo, i-urea inyibilika kuqala ngamanzi emhlabeni kwaye emva koko iguqulwe kancinci ibe yi-ammonium carbonate.

Ke ngoko, xa i-urea isetyenziswa njengempahla yokunxiba ephezulu, kufuneka ifakwe kwiveki e-1 ngaphambi kwexesha elibalulekileyo lemfuno yenitrojeni yesityalo kunye nexesha elifanelekileyo lokuchumisa isichumiso, hayi ngokukhawuleza kakhulu okanye emva kwexesha.

4. Ukugquma komhlaba nzulu

Iindlela zokufaka ngokungalunganga zinokubangela ilahleko ye-nitrogen njengokulahleka kwe-urea ngamanzi kunye ne-ammonia volatilization, isichumiso senkunkuma, ukutya abasebenzi, kunye nokunciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwe-urea. Indlela echanekileyo yokufaka isicelo yile: Faka ingqolowa, ingqolowa, itumato, ikhaphetshu kunye nezinye izityalo. Yomba umngxuma ongama 15-20 cm kumgama oyi 20 cm kwisityalo. Emva kokufaka isichumiso, yisigqume ngomhlaba. Umhlaba awomile kakhulu. Kwimeko yokunkcenkceshela emva kweentsuku ezisi-7.

Xa umhlaba womile kakhulu kwaye ufuna ukunkcenkceshelwa, amanzi kufuneka athotyelwe kancinci kube kanye, kungagcwalisi ngamanzi amakhulu ukukhusela i-urea ekulahlekelweni ngamanzi. Xa ufaka isicelo kwilayisi, kufuneka isasaze. Gcina umhlaba ufumile emva kokufaka. Musa ukunkcenkceshela kwithuba leentsuku ezisixhenxe. Emva kokuba isichumisi sinyibilike ngokupheleleyo kwaye sifakwe umhlaba, ungagalela amanzi amancinci kube kanye, emva koko uwomise iintsuku ezi-5-6.

5. Ukutshiza ngamagqabi

I-Urea inyibilika ngokulula emanzini, ine-diffusibility eyomeleleyo, ifunxwa ngokulula ngamagqabi, kwaye inomonakalo omncinci kumagqabi. Ilungele ukunxitywa kweengcambu ezongezelelweyo kwaye inokutshizwa kumagqabi adityanisiwe nolawulo lwezitshabalalisi zezityalo. Kodwa xa unxiba iingcambu ezingaphezulu, i-urea enomxholo we-biuret ongekho ngaphezulu kwe-2% kufuneka ukhethwe ukunqanda ukonakala kwamagqabi. Ukuxinana kwengubo eyongezelelekileyo yengcambu kuyahluka kwisityalo ukuya kwesinye. Ixesha lokutshiza kufuneka libe semva kwentsimbi yesi-4 emva kwemini, xa isixa sokuphefumla sincinci, kwaye i-stomata yamagqabi iyavulwa ngokuthe ngcembe, elungele ukufunxwa ngokupheleleyo kwesisombululo se-urea esimanzi sisityalo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-urea kuyangqinelana:

1. Kuphephe ukuxubana ne-bicarbonate ye-ammonium

Emva kokuba i-urea igalelwe emhlabeni, kufuneka iguqulwe ibe yi-ammonia phambi kokuba ifunxwe zizityalo, kwaye inqanaba lokuguqulwa kwayo lihamba kancinci phantsi kweemeko zealkaline kunaphantsi kweemeko zeasidi. Emva kokuba i-ammonium bicarbonate isetyenziswe emhlabeni, ibonisa ukusabela kwealkali, enexabiso le-pH elingu-8.2 ukuya ku-8.4. Ukusetyenziswa okuxubileyo kwe-ammonium bicarbonate kunye ne-urea kumhlaba wefama kuyakucothisa kakhulu ukuguqulwa kwe-urea ibe yi-ammonia, eya kuthi ibangele lula ukulahleka kwe-urea kunye nelahleko ye-volatilization. Ke ngoko, i-urea kunye ne-ammonium bicarbonate akufuneki zixutywe okanye zisetyenziswe ngaxeshanye.

2. Kuphephe ukunwenwa komhlaba

I-Urea itshizwa emhlabeni. Kuthatha iintsuku ezi-4 ukuya kwezi-5 ukuguqula kubushushu begumbi ngaphambi kokuba busetyenziswe. Uninzi lwenitrogen luthatheka lula xa kusenziwa inkqubo yokunyanga. Ngokubanzi, elona nqanaba lokusetyenziswa kuphela malunga ne-30%. Ukuba ikumhlaba wealkaline kunye nomxholo wezinto eziphilayo Xa usasazeka kumhlaba ophakamileyo, ilahleko ye-nitrogen iya kukhawuleza kwaye ngakumbi.

Ukusetyenziswa nzulu kwe-urea, kulula ukuyitya ukhula. I-Urea isetyenziswa nzulu ukunyibilikisa isichumisi emhlabeni, ukuze isichumiso sikumaleko womhlaba ofumileyo, olungele ukusebenza kwesichumiso. Kwimpahla yokunxiba ephezulu, kufuneka ifakwe kwicala lesithole emngxunyeni okanye kumngxuma, kwaye ubunzulu bube malunga ne-10-15cm. Ngale ndlela, i-urea igxila kwingcambu eshinyeneyo, ekulungeleyo ukuba izityalo zifunxe kwaye zisebenzise. Uvavanyo lubonakalisile ukuba usetyenziso olunzulu lunokunyusa izinga lokusetyenziswa kwe-urea nge-10% -30% kunesicelo esinzulu.

3. Kunqande ukwenza isichumiso sembewu

Kwinkqubo yemveliso ye-urea, isixa esincinci se-biuret sihlala siveliswa. Xa umxholo we-biuret ungaphezulu kwe-2%, iya kuba yityhefu kwimbewu nakwizithole. I-urea enjalo iya kungena kwimbewu kunye nezithole, eziza kutyumba iiprotein kwaye zichaphazele ukuntshula kwembewu kwaye izithole zikhule, ke ayifanelekanga kwisichumiso sembewu. Ukuba kufuneka isetyenziswe njengesichumiso sembewu, thintela unxibelelwano phakathi kwembewu nesichumiso, kwaye ulawule isixa.

4. Musa ukunkcenkceshela ngoko nangoko emva kokufaka isicelo

I-Urea sisichumiso se-amide nitrogen. Ifuna ukuguqulwa ibe yi-ammonia nitrogen ngaphambi kokuba ifakwe kwaye isetyenziswe zingcambu zezityalo. Inkqubo yokuguqula iyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kumgangatho womhlaba, ukufuma, ubushushu kunye nezinye iimeko. Kuthatha iintsuku ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-10 ukugqiba. Ukuba unkcenkceshelwa kwaye ufunxwe ngoko nangoko emva kokufaka isicelo okanye ufakwe emhlabeni owomileyo ngaphambi kwemvula enkulu, i-urea iya kunyibilika emanzini kwaye ilahleke. Ngokubanzi, amanzi kufuneka enkcenkceshelwe kwiintsuku ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3 emva kokufakwa ehlotyeni nasekwindla, kunye neentsuku ezisi-7 ukuya kwezi-8 emva kokufaka isicelo ebusika nasentwasahlobo.