Udindo ndi mphamvu ya urea waulimi ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa maluwa, kupatulira maluwa ndi zipatso, kupanga mbewu za mpunga, komanso kupewa tizirombo. Maluwa amitengo yamapichesi ndi zomera zina amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi urea, ndipo zotsatira za kupatulira maluwa ndi zipatso zimatheka pambuyo poti urea wagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kugwiritsa ntchito urea kumatha kuwonjezera nayitrogeni m'masamba azomera, kufulumizitsa kukula kwa mphukira zatsopano, kulepheretsa kusiyanitsa kwa maluwa, ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa masamba. Urea ndi feteleza wosalowerera ndale, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza ikakumana ndi dothi ndi zomera zosiyanasiyana.

Ntchito zazikulu za feteleza wa nayitrogeni ndi izi: kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa zotsalira zazomera ndi kutulutsa kwachuma; kukonza zakudya, makamaka kuonjezera mapuloteni a dao m'mbewu komanso kuwonjezera chakudya chopatsa thanzi. Nayitrogeni ndiye gawo lalikulu la mapuloteni mu mbewu. Popanda nayitrogeni, zinthu zoyera za nayitrogeni sizingapangidwe, ndipo popanda mapuloteni, sipangakhale zochitika zosiyanasiyana m'moyo.

Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito urea:

1. Manyowa oyenera

Urea ndi feteleza weniweni wa nayitrogeni ndipo mulibe phosphorous ndi potaziyamu muzinthu zazikulu zofunikira pakukula kwa mbewu. Chifukwa chake, popanga zovala zapamwamba, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa umuna pamayeso a nthaka ndikuwunika mankhwala kuti athetse nayitrogeni, phosphorous, ndi feteleza wa potaziyamu. Choyamba, phatikizani feteleza wa phosphorous ndi potaziyamu ndi ena (pafupifupi 30%) feteleza wa nayitrogeni ofunikira nyengo yonse yakulima kwa mbeu ndikukonzekera nthaka ndikuthira pansi.

Kenako ikani 70% ya feteleza wotsala wa nayitrogeni monga topdressing, yomwe pafupifupi 60% ya nthawi yovuta kwambiri komanso nthawi yayitali kwambiri ndikuwononga, ndipo pafupifupi 10% ya zotsalazo. Pokhapokha feteleza atatu a nayitrogeni, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu akaphatikizana moyenera ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mwasayansi, mpamene magwiritsidwe antchito a urea owongoleredwa amatha kusintha.

2. Kuvala zovala zapamwamba panthawi yoyenera

Manyowa osayenerera nthawi zambiri amatha kuwoneka pakupanga zaulimi: chaka chilichonse tirigu akabwerera wobiriwira kuyambira koyambirira kwa masika, alimi amagwiritsa ntchito mwayi wothira madzi obiriwira kupopera kapena kutsuka urea m'munda wa tirigu; mu nthawi ya mmera wa chimanga, alimi amapopera urea mvula isanafike Kumunda; Pakabzala kabichi, urea iyenera kuthiriridwa ndi madzi; Pakati pa phwetekere, urea iyenera kuthiridwa ndi madzi.

Kuyika urea motere, ngakhale kuti fetereza amagwiritsidwa ntchito, zinyalalazo ndizowopsa (ammonia volatilize ndipo tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatayika ndi madzi), komanso zimapangitsa kuti michere ikule kwambiri, kuchepa kwa tirigu ndi chimanga, phwetekere "kuwombera" , ndikuchedwa kudzaza kabichi Ndipo zinthu zina zoyipa zimachitika. Mbewu iliyonse imakhala ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri kuyamwa nayitrogeni, phosphorus, ndi potaziyamu (ndiye kuti nthawi yomwe mbewu imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mayamwidwe azinthu zina).

Kusowa kwa fetereza (nayitrogeni, phosphorous, potaziyamu) panthawiyi kumachepetsa zokolola ndi zabwino, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri. Ngakhale fetereza wokwanira akagwiritsidwanso ntchito pambuyo pake, zomwe zingabweretse zipatso ndi mtundu wake sizingasinthe. Kuphatikiza apo, pali nthawi yayitali kwambiri, ndiye kuti, panthawiyi, mbewu zomwe zikuthira feteleza zitha kupeza zokolola zambiri, ndipo mbewu zimakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri a feteleza.

Kuchokera pakuwunikanso pamwambapa, titha kuwona kuti kupitilira kokha munthawi yovuta komanso nthawi yayitali yobzala mbewu kumatha kukonza magwiritsidwe a feteleza ndikukhala ndi zokolola zambiri komanso mbewu zabwino.

3. Kuvala zovala zapamwamba panthawi yake

Urea ndi feteleza wa amide, womwe umayenera kusandulika kukhala ammonium carbonate kuti udziwitsidwe ndi ma colloids a nthaka kenako ndikulowetsedwa ndi mbewu. Izi zimatenga masiku 6 mpaka 7. Munthawi imeneyi, urea imasungunuka koyamba ndi madzi m'nthaka kenako pang'onopang'ono amasandulika ammonium carbonate.

Chifukwa chake, urea ikagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zovala zapamwamba, iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi sabata imodzi isanafike nthawi yovuta ya kufunika kwa nayitrogeni wa mbeu ndi nthawi yayikulu kwambiri ya feteleza, osachedwa kapena mochedwa kwambiri.

4. Nthaka yakuya

Njira zosagwiritsa ntchito bwino zimatha kuyambitsa kutayika kwa nayitrogeni monga urea kutayika ndi madzi ndi ammonia volatilization, zinyalala zonyowa, kudya ntchito, ndikuchepetsa kwambiri magwiritsidwe ntchito a urea. Njira yoyenera yogwiritsira ntchito ndi iyi: ikani chimanga, tirigu, phwetekere, kabichi ndi mbewu zina. Kumbani dzenje lakuya masentimita 15-20 patali ndi masentimita 20 kuchokera pa mbeuyo. Mukathira feteleza, muphimbireni ndi nthaka. Nthaka siumauma kwambiri. Ngati kuthirira pakatha masiku 7.

Nthaka ikauma kwambiri ndipo imafunika kuthiriridwa, madzi ayenera kuthiriridwa mopepuka kamodzi, osadzaza madzi ambiri kuti urea isatayike ndi madzi. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito mpunga, uyenera kufalikira. Sungani dothi lonyowa mutagwiritsa ntchito. Osamathirira masiku asanu ndi awiri. Feteleza atasungunuka kwathunthu ndi dothi, mutha kuthira madzi pang'ono kamodzi, ndikuwuma masiku 5-6.

5. Tsitsi la masamba

Urea imasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi, imakhala yolimba kwambiri, imangoyamwa masamba mosavuta, ndipo imawononga masamba pang'ono. Ndioyenera kukulitsa mizu yambiri ndipo imatha kupopera masamba ndi mbewu zowononga. Koma pochita chovala chapamwamba pamizu, urea wokhala ndi biuret osapitilira 2% ayenera kusankhidwa kuti ateteze masamba. Kuchuluka kwa mizu yowonjezerapo kumasiyana malinga ndi mbeu. Nthawi yopopera mbewu iyenera kukhala itadutsa 4 koloko masana, pomwe kuchuluka kwa kuphulika kumakhala kochepa, ndipo masamba a stomata amatsegulidwa pang'onopang'ono, omwe ndi abwino kuyamwa kwathunthu kwa yue aqueous solution ndi mbewu.

Kugwiritsa ntchito urea kumatsutsana:

1. Pewani kusanganikirana ndi ammonium bicarbonate

Urea ikagwiritsidwa ntchito panthaka, iyenera kusandulika kukhala ammonia isanathe kulowetsedwa ndi mbewu, ndipo kutembenuka kwake kumachedwa pang'onopang'ono pansi pa zinthu zamchere kuposa pansi pa acidic. Amonium bicarbonate akaigwiritsa ntchito panthaka, imawonetsa zamchere, ndi pH mtengo wa 8.2 mpaka 8.4. Kugwiritsa ntchito ammonium bicarbonate ndi urea m'minda kumachepetsa kwambiri kutembenuka kwa urea kukhala ammonia, komwe kumapangitsa kutayika kwa urea ndi kutayika kwa volatilization. Chifukwa chake, urea ndi ammonium bicarbonate siziyenera kusakanizidwa kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi imodzi.

2. Pewani kufalikira pamwamba

Urea amapopera pansi. Zimatenga masiku 4 mpaka 5 kuti musinthe kutentha musanagwiritse ntchito. Mavitrogeni ambiri amatha kusungunuka mosavuta panthawi yolimbitsa thupi. Nthawi zambiri, kugwiritsira kwake kwenikweni kumangokhala pafupifupi 30%. Ngati ili m'nthaka yamchere ndi zinthu zachilengedwe Mukamafalikira m'nthaka yayikulu, nayitrogeni idzawonongeka mwachangu.

Ndi kugwiritsa ntchito pang'ono kwa urea, kosavuta kudya ndi namsongole. Urea imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuti isungunuke feteleza m'nthaka, kuti fetelezawo akhale munthaka wonyowa, womwe umathandiza kuti feteleza abereke. Pazovala zapamwamba, ziyenera kuyikidwa pambali ya mmera mu dzenje kapena mzere, ndipo kuya kuyenera kukhala pafupifupi 10-15cm. Mwanjira imeneyi, urea imakhazikika muzu wosanjikiza, womwe ndi wabwino kuti mbewu ziziyamwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito. Mayesero awonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mozama kumatha kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa magwiritsidwe a urea ndi 10% -30% kuposa ntchito yosaya.

3. Pewani kupanga feteleza wa mbewu

Pogwiritsa ntchito urea, nthawi zambiri ma biuret amapangidwa nthawi zambiri. Zomwe zili mu biuret zimaposa 2%, zimakhala zowopsa kwa mbewu ndi mbande. Urea yoteroyo imalowa m'mbewu ndi mmera, womwe ungapangitse mapuloteni kukhudza kumera kwa mbewu ndipo mbande zimakula, chifukwa chake siyabwino fetereza wambewu. Ngati iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza wa mbeu, pewani kulumikizana pakati pa mbeu ndi feteleza, ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwake.

4. Musamathirire madzi mukangomaliza kumwa mankhwalawo

Urea ndi feteleza wa nayitrogeni. Iyenera kusinthidwa kukhala ammonia nayitrogeni isanalowe ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mizu ya mbewu. Njira zosinthira zimasiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa nthaka, chinyezi, kutentha ndi zina. Zimatenga masiku awiri kapena 10 kuti amalize. Ngati kuthiriridwa ndikutsanulidwa nthawi yomweyo mutagwiritsa ntchito kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito pouma mvula yambiri isanagwe, urea imasungunuka m'madzi ndikuwonongeka. Nthawi zambiri, madzi amayenera kuthiriridwa masiku awiri kapena atatu mutagwiritsa ntchito chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, ndi masiku 7 mpaka 8 mutagwiritsa ntchito dzinja ndi masika.